1. Introduction
As the national standard for assessing secondary school achievement, the Bahamas General Certificate of Secondary Education (BGCSE) exam assesses the academic and career readiness of Bahamian students, giving insight into the health and efficacy of the nation’s education system. This research report examines a comprehensive analysis of recent BGCSE examination results, seeking to move beyond surface-level pass rates to identify underlying trends, patterns, and disparities. By examining performance across core subject areas, this report aims to illuminate the key drivers of student outcomes. The ultimate purpose of this analysis is to provide evidence-based insights that can inform educational policy, guide targeted interventions, and foster a more equitable and successful learning environment for all students in The Bahamas.
2. Methodology
The purpose of this report is to identify and analyze the performance of examinees, by subject domain and letter grade, to present the findings in a format more accessible for gathering insights. Data is categorized primarily by subject domain and letter grades. Letter grades are categorized into grade bands, with A-C representing above-average grades and E-G representing below-average grades. Performance evaluation focuses on these grade bands.
3. Background
Examinee performance is measured using a standardized grading scale that ranges from A to G, as specified by the Ministry of Education and the Technical and Vocational Training Examination and Assessment Division. For simplification, grades are categorized into proficiency bands: A–C indicates above-average performance, while E–G signifies below-average performance. Each grade corresponds to a specific level of proficiency, as detailed below:
- Grade A: Demonstrates specific, appropriate, and comprehensive responses, with evidence of exceptional comprehension and outstanding higher-order skills, including problem-solving and critical thinking.
- Grade B: Reflects specific, appropriate, and comprehensive responses, with strong comprehension and very good higher-order skills in problem-solving and critical thinking.
- Grade C: Indicates responses that are specific and appropriate to the task, showing sound comprehension and good problem-solving skills.
- Grade D: Represents responses that are specific and appropriate, with satisfactory comprehension and adequate problem-solving/critical thinking skills.
- Grade E: Shows general basic knowledge, some comprehension of this knowledge, and limited problem-solving ability.
- Grade F: Reflects limited basic knowledge beyond recall and recognition, with minimal comprehension and notably restricted problem-solving skills.
- Grade G: Indicates very limited basic knowledge confined to recall or recognition, with no evidence of comprehension or problem-solving skills.
4. Key Findings
4.1 Overall. The analysis of the BGCSE 2018 examination dataset reveals distinct patterns of achievement and deficiency across subject domains. Organizing the results by subject area: S.T.E.M., Arts, Humanities, and Professional & Vocational Studies, provides a clearer understanding of where the education system is performing effectively and where targeted interventions are most urgently required.
4.1 | Table 1: Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (S.T.E.M.)
Subject | % of Above Average Scores (A–C) | % of Average Scores (D) | % of Below Average Scores (E–G) |
Mathematics | 29.56% | 16.34% | 54.10% |
Chemistry | 67.64% | 14.64% | 17.71% |
Physics | 49.60% | 20.68% | 29.73% |
Biology | 47.81% | 18.97% | 33.21% |
Combined Science | 39.81% | 19.06% | 41.13% |
Food and Nutrition | 59.36% | 30.15% | 10.49% |
4.1 | Table 2: The Arts
Subject | % of Above Average Scores (A–C) | % of Average Scores (D) | % of Below Average Scores (E–G) |
Art & Design – A | 74.67% | 17.00% | 8.33% |
Art & Design – B | 94.43% | 4.23% | 1.34% |
Art & Design – C | 95.24% | 4.76% | 0.00% |
Music | 73.16% | 16.93% | 9.90% |
Graphical Communications | 88.89% | 8.21% | 2.90% |
4.1 | Table 3: The Humanities
Subject | % of Above Average Scores (A–C) | % of Average Scores (D) | % of Below Average Scores (E–G) |
English Language | 38.45% | 37.17% | 24.38% |
Literature | 72.84% | 20.25% | 6.91% |
History | 48.44% | 23.44% | 28.13% |
Religious Studies | 61.30% | 19.85% | 18.85% |
Geography | 62.83% | 22.28% | 14.89% |
French | 62.11% | 22.46% | 15.44% |
Spanish | 64.58% | 23.79% | 11.62% |
4.1 | Table 4: Professional & Vocational Studies
Subject | % of Above Average Scores (A–C) | % of Average Scores (D) | % of Below Average Scores (E–G) |
Book-Keeping & Accounts | 27.62% | 14.52% | 57.86% |
Office Procedures | 68.08% | 16.10% | 15.82% |
Keyboarding Skills | 56.50% | 20.92% | 22.58% |
Auto Mechanics | 50.00% | 31.25% | 18.75% |
Electrical Installation | 59.30% | 19.10% | 21.61% |
Carpentry & Joinery | 66.24% | 20.09% | 13.68% |
Clothing Construction | 61.29% | 20.43% | 18.28% |
Commerce | 44.71% | 23.35% | 31.94% |
Economics | 47.60% | 14.02% | 38.38% |
4.2 Foundational Core Subjects. The data reveals notable trends in the foundational core subjects. (Foundational core subjects are the essential disciplines, such as Mathematics, Sciences, Languages, and Humanities, that provide students with the basic knowledge, skills, and competencies needed for higher learning, workforce readiness, and informed citizenship.)
4.2 | Table 1: Performance in Foundational Core Subjects
Subject | Total Candidates | % of A–C Scores | % of E–G Scores |
Mathematics | 4,181 | 29.56% | 54.10% |
Combined Science | 530 | 39.81% | 41.13% |
Chemistry | 717 | 67.64% | 17.71% |
Biology | 2,788 | 47.81% | 33.21% |
French | 285 | 62.11% | 15.44% |
Spanish | 912 | 64.58% | 11.62% |
Physics | 619 | 49.60% | 29.73% |
English Language | 4,767 | 38.45% | 24.38% |
Literature | 810 | 72.84% | 6.91% |
History | 1,024 | 48.44% | 28.13% |
I. Mathematics
- A–C grade range: 29.01% (BGCSE 2017) to 29.56% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 52.65% (BGCSE 2017) to 54.10% (BGCSE 2018)
Mathematics performance has changed slightly: A–C grades increased by 0.55%, but E–G grades increased by 1.45%. Overall, performance remains critically low.
II. Combined Science
- A–C grade range: 49.39% (BGCSE 2017) to 39.81% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 35.73% (BGCSE 2017) to 41.13% (BGCSE 2018)
Combined Science performance has declined significantly: A–C grades decreased by 9.58%, and E–G grades increased by 5.40%. Overall, performance has worsened.
III. Chemistry
- A–C grade range: 65.63% (BGCSE 2017) to 67.64% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 18.22% (BGCSE 2017) to 17.71% (BGCSE 2018)
Chemistry performance has improved slightly: A–C grades increased by 2.01%, and E–G grades decreased by 0.51%. Overall, performance has strengthened.
V. Biology
- A–C grade range: 50.55% (BGCSE 2017) to 47.81% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 30.91% (BGCSE 2017) to 33.21% (BGCSE 2018)
Biology performance has declined: A–C grades decreased by 2.74%, and E–G grades increased by 2.30%. Overall, performance has worsened.
VI. French
- A–C grade range: 65.63% (BGCSE 2017) to 62.11% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 11.72% (BGCSE 2017) to 15.44% (BGCSE 2018)
French performance has declined: A–C grades decreased by 3.52%, and E–G grades increased by 3.75%. Overall, performance has worsened.
VII. Spanish
- A–C grade range: 71.43% (BGCSE 2017) to 64.58% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 8.85% (BGCSE 2017) to 11.62% (BGCSE 2018)
Spanish performance has declined: A–C grades decreased by 6.85%, and E–G grades increased by 2.77%. Overall, performance has worsened.
VIII. Physics
- A–C grade range: 55.57% (BGCSE 2017) to 49.60% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 29.14% (BGCSE 2017) to 29.73% (BGCSE 2018)
Physics performance has declined: A–C grades decreased by 5.97%, and E–G grades increased by 0.59%. Overall, performance has worsened.
IX. English Language
- A–C grade range: 37.26% (BGCSE 2017) to 38.45% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 24.80% (BGCSE 2017) to 24.38% (BGCSE 2018)
English Language performance has improved slightly: A–C grades increased by 1.19%, and E–G grades decreased by 0.42%. Overall, performance has strengthened modestly.
X. Literature
- A–C grade range: 68.13% (BGCSE 2017) to 72.84% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 7.23% (BGCSE 2017) to 6.91% (BGCSE 2018)
Literature performance has improved: A–C grades increased by 4.17%, and E–G grades decreased by 0.32%. Overall, performance has strengthened modestly.
XI. History
- A–C grade range: 62.43% (BGCSE 2017) to 48.44% (BGCSE 2018)
- E–G grade range: 18.46% (BGCSE 2017) to 28.13% (BGCSE 2018)
History performance has declined sharply: A–C grades decreased by 13.99%, and E–G grades increased by 9.67%. Overall, performance has worsened.
4.3 Disparate Performance Across Subject Domains. A comparative analysis shows significant differences in student success rates, categorizing subjects into high-performing and low-performing classifications. High-performing subjects have a concentration of A–C grades scored within the 70% or greater range; in contrast, low-performing subjects have a concentration of over 30% of examinees scoring in the E–G range.
4.3 | Table 1: High-Performing Subjects
High-Performing Subjects | Total Candidates | % of A–C Scores | % of E–G Scores |
Art & Design – A | 300 | 74.67% | 8.33% |
Art & Design – B | 449 | 94.43% | 1.34% |
Art & Design – C | 21 | 95.24% | 0.00% |
Graphical Communications | 207 | 88.89% | 2.90% |
Literature | 810 | 72.84% | 6.91% |
Music | 313 | 73.16% | 9.90% |
4.3 | Table 2: Low-Performing Subjects
Low-Performing Subjects | Total Candidates | % of A–C Scores | % of E–G Scores |
Book-Keeping & Accounts | 420 | 27.62% | 57.86% |
Combined Science | 530 | 39.81% | 41.13% |
Commerce | 454 | 44.71% | 31.94% |
Economics | 271 | 47.60% | 38.38% |
Mathematics | 4,181 | 29.56% | 54.10% |
Biology | 2,788 | 47.81% | 33.21% |
5. Analysis
The BGCSE 2018 examination results reveal widening disparities across subject domains, with exceptional performance in the Arts but persistent weaknesses in S.T.E.M. and vocational subjects. In S.T.E.M., Chemistry remains relatively strong with 67.64% of students achieving above-average scores, though Physics and Biology both show declines compared to 2017. Physics dropped to 49.60% A–C with nearly 30% of students scoring poorly, while Biology fell to 47.81% A–C and over one-third of students in the E–G range. Combined Science shows the sharpest decline, with A–C scores falling below 40% and over 41% of students performing below average. Mathematics continues to be the weakest subject overall, with only 29.56% of students achieving above-average scores and more than half falling into the E–G category, underscoring systemic challenges in numeracy.
The Arts domain continues to excel, with Art & Design B (94.43% A–C) and Art & Design C (95.24% A–C) producing near-universal success rates. Graphical Communications (88.89% A–C), Art & Design A (74.67% A–C), and Music (73.16% A–C) also demonstrate consistently high achievement, confirming the Arts as the strongest domain overall. In the Humanities, Literature shows notable improvement, rising to 72.84% A–C, while Geography and Religious Studies maintain solid performance above 60%. History, however, reveals a sharp decline, with A–C scores dropping to 48.44% and nearly 28% of students scoring poorly. English Language remains weak, with only 38.45% of students achieving above-average scores, though it shows a slight improvement compared to 2017.
Professional and Vocational Studies present a mixed picture. Office Procedures (68.08% A–C) and Carpentry & Joinery (66.24% A–C) are strong performers, while Clothing Construction and Electrical Installation also show moderate success. However, Book-Keeping & Accounts is the weakest subject overall, with only 27.62% of students achieving above-average scores and nearly 58% scoring poorly. Commerce and Economics also reveal significant deficiencies, with over 30% of students in the E–G range. Keyboarding Skills and Auto Mechanics show moderate outcomes but still leave a substantial proportion of students below average.
When comparing high- and low-performing subjects, the Arts dominate the high-performing category, with multiple disciplines exceeding 70% A–C scores and maintaining very low failure rates. Literature also emerges as a strong performer among the Humanities. In contrast, Mathematics, Combined Science, Biology, Book-Keeping & Accounts, Commerce, and Economics are classified as low-performing, each with more than 30% of students scoring in the E–G range. These disparities highlight systemic weaknesses in foundational numeracy, science comprehension, and vocational business skills, which are critical for higher learning and workforce readiness.
6. Conclusion
The BGCSE 2018 results underscores both excellence and decline within the education system. The Arts continue to demonstrate outstanding achievement, with subjects such as Art & Design B, Art & Design C, and Graphical Communications producing some of the highest success rates across all domains. Literature also shows strong improvement, confirming the Humanities’ potential for excellence. However, core S.T.E.M. subjects reveal troubling trends, particularly in Mathematics, Combined Science, Physics, and Biology, where performance has declined compared to the BGCSE 2017 and large proportions of students remain below average. History also shows a sharp decline, raising concerns about historical literacy and comprehension. Vocational studies remain uneven, with strong results in technical areas like Carpentry & Joinery and Office Procedures but persistent deficiencies in business-related disciplines such as Book-Keeping, Commerce, and Economics.
Overall, the findings emphasize the urgent need for targeted interventions in Mathematics, Combined Science, Physics, Biology, and History, alongside curriculum adjustments in vocational subjects with high failure rates. At the same time, best practices from high-performing disciplines in the Arts and Literature should be leveraged to strengthen weaker areas. A balanced investment across S.T.E.M., Humanities, Arts, and Vocational studies is essential to ensure students graduate with the foundational knowledge, critical thinking skills, and practical competencies required for higher education, workforce readiness, and active citizenship. The results ultimately highlight that while excellence is evident in creative and literary fields, systemic reforms are necessary to address persistent weaknesses in core academic and vocational subjects.
7. Citation
- Department of Statistics. Labour Market Information Newsletter, Volume 31, No. 42. Ministry of Finance, The Bahamas, December 2018.
- Ministry of Education & Technical & Vocational Training Examination and Assessment Division. National Examinations Report BJC & BGCSE 2025. August 2025.